Psalmanaazaaran Formosan (constructed language)
From Kook Science
Being a starting attempt at a dictionary of George Psalmanaazaar's Formosan language, as briefly described in his 1704 book An Historical and Geographical Description of Formosa, an Island Subject to the Emperor of Japan: Giving an Account: Giving an Account of the Religion, Customs, Manners, &c., of the Inhabitants (London: Printed for Dan. Brown, at the Black Swan without Temple-Bar, etc.).
Alphabet
According to Psalmanaazaar, the language of Formosa had a written form consisting of twenty glyphs, each with three forms (minuscule, accented, majuscule), that were assembled from right-to-left.
| Name | Power (Maj.) | Power (Acc.) | Power (Min.) | Figure (Min.) | Figure (Acc.) | Figure (Maj.) | Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Am̃ | A | ꜵ/ao | a |  |
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| Mem̃ | M | m̃ | m |  |
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| Neñ | N | ñ | n |  |
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| Taph | T | th | t |  |
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| Lam̃do | L | ll | l |  |
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| Sam̃do | S | ch | s |  |
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| Vomera | V | w | u |  |
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| Bagdo | B | b | b |  |
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| Hamno | H | kh | h |  |
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| Pedlo | P | pp | p |  |
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| Kaphi | K | k | χ |  |
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| Om̃da | O | o | ω |  |
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| Ilda | I | y | i | |
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| Xatara | X | xh | x |  |
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| Dam | D | th | d | |
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| Zamphi | Z | ts | z |  |
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| Epsi | E | ε/e | η | |
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| Fandem | F | ph | f |  |
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| Raw | R | rh | r | |
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| Gomera | G (J) | g | j | |
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Dictionary
(Some words originally spelled with c have been changed to use a k, as there was no glyph corresponding to a solitary c in Psalmanaazaar's book. This was no doubt a simple oversight on his part.)
| Formosan (tl.) | English | Formosan |
|---|---|---|
| abinaye | (to) deliver | |
| adiato | (an) image | |
| ai | the | |
| ali | but | |
| amien | amen | |
| amy | our | |
| anakhounie | murder | |
| ande | his (possessive) | |
| anso | sea | |
| angon | king [alt. form] | |
| ania | all | |
| ant | us | |
| apin | another | |
| apo | as | |
| ardaan | communion | |
| ardanay | catholic, universal | |
| areo | may | |
| arvanros | kinsmen, siblings | |
| avia | isle, island | |
| avitere | (to) hold | |
| azaton | innocent | |
| badakhen | buried | |
| badi | earth | |
| bagalendro | viceroy | |
| bagalender | viceroy [alt. form] | |
| bagalin | kingdom | |
| bagalo | King | |
| baghathaan cheveraal | Emperor (Most-High Monarch) | |
| bagne | lead (to) | |
| bajane | woman, wife | |
| banaar | (to) judge | |
| banajo | man, husband | |
| bard | under | |
| barhaniaan | almightiness, omnipotence | |
| barhanian | almighty | |
| barhaw | countrymen | |
| bayneye | brought | |
| bejray | in vain | |
| beloftosnautuo | precepts, laws | |
| bosken | (the) dead | |
| bot | son | |
| boti | daughter | |
| botos | sons | |
| boty | virgin | |
| brachos | gates | |
| broskaey | evil | |
| bsekoy | like | |
| chalminajey | eternal | |
| charby | third | |
| chataan | love | |
| chenaber | Sabbath | |
| chexner | (to) take | |
| chin | in, at | |
| chinania | to all | |
| chinn | to, into | |
| chorhe | creator | |
| chorheye | created | |
| christo | Christ | |
| chslae | church | |
| dai | which | |
| dan | who, whom | |
| dekie | six | |
| demech | (to) say | |
| domion | will | |
| dos [oios] dos | of [those, them] | |
| ebdoulamin | beloved | |
| egypto | Egypt | |
| ey | or | |
| eyen | so | |
| eyfodere | come | |
| eyvomere | honour, worship | |
| farbey | labour | |
| farbout | work | |
| fary | glory | |
| fen | thou | |
| fignou | ass, donkey | |
| foder | will come (to) | |
| genr | me | |
| geovreo | brother | |
| giftaye | (to) hear | |
| gnadey | (to) make | |
| gnadou | (to) do (for) | |
| gnay | holy | |
| gnayfrataye | hallowed | |
| gnayji | saints (holies, holy ones) | |
| grebiachim | generation(s) | |
| ianate | one thousand | |
| ichnay | whatsoever | |
| ido | that | |
| janda | upon | |
| jandafien | arose, rose (from) | |
| jandafiond | resurrection | |
| jansiero | stranger | |
| javraijin | sister | |
| jenrh | me | |
| jerh | I (first-person pronoun) | |
| jerhvie | I am | |
| jorh | was [past] | |
| jorhe | (to) be [present] | |
| jorhen | prolonged | |
| kaa | house | |
| kai | and | |
| karokhen* (carokhen) |
crucified | |
| kan-fien | ascended |  |
| kasseo* (casseo) |
village, town | |
| kau | not | |
| kay | and | |
| kens | for | |
| kenzoy | therefore | |
| khatsada | bread | |
| khie | places | |
| kiorbi | fourth | |
| konraye* (conraye) |
(to) serve | |
| koriakia | the Lord's [poss.] | |
| korian | lord | |
| krikin | flesh | |
| laan | (to) keep | |
| lakchen | suffered | |
| ledum | life | |
| lokieyr | steal | |
| lory | name | |
| lournou | with | |
| macho | oxen, ox | |
| mal | beneath | |
| mal-fien | descended | |
| malaboski | temptation | |
| mandaar | sanctity | |
| maria | Maria, Mary | |
| meniobe | seventh | |
| mios | my | |
| modiou | testimony | |
| nadaan | against | |
| nadakchion | daily | |
| nadayi | today | |
| nade | day | |
| nados | days | |
| noskion | believe | |
| oi | the, (he) | |
| oion | it, (him) | |
| oios | those, them | |
| ornio | heaven | |
| os | the [irregular] | |
| ouillo | water | |
| oyto | before | |
| pagot | god | |
| pei | until | |
| piches | ghost, spirit | |
| pilato | Pilate (Pontius) | |
| plessios | soldiers | |
| pontio | Pontius (Pilate) | |
| porniin | mother | |
| pornio | father | |
| poulinos | citizens | |
| radonaye | (to be) forgive(n) | |
| radonayun | remission | |
| radonem | (to) forgive | |
| sai | thy, thine, (your) | |
| sendabey | ages | |
| sger | servant | |
| sger-bot | man-servant | |
| sger-boti | maid-servant | |
| skneaye | blessed | |
| slapat | bondage | |
| sochiakhin | sinners (trespassers) | |
| sochin | sin (trespasses) | |
| soios | thine, thy [irregular] | |
| spadou | jealous | |
| splan | before (in front of) | |
| stedello | rested | |
| stel | false | |
| tandatou | image | |
| tanos | nobles | |
| tanos soulletos | city governors, island governors | |
| tavede | belongs (possession) | |
| teltulda | mercy | |
| testar | right | |
| testar-olab | right-hand | |
| tillo | city | |
| tonien | (the) quick | |
| toye | give (to) | |
| tuen | of, from | |
| vehnen | remember | |
| versierie | fornicate | |
| videgan | hate | |
| vie | the [irregular] | |
| vien | them | |
| vienen | conceived | |
| viey | are, art | |
| voliamene | covet | |
| vomera | prayer | |
| xaken | (to) sitteth, (sit) | |
| xana | infernal | |
| ynade | (to) do, perform | |
| zexe | have | |
| ziesken | born | |
Numbers
| 1-10 | 11-19 | 20-1000 | Combined examples | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | taufb | 11 | taufkon (or amkon) | 20 | borhny | 21 | borhny-tauf (or borhny-am) |
| 2 | bogio | 12 | bogiokon | 30 | chorhny | 22 | borhny-bogio |
| 3 | charhe | 13 | charhekon | 40 | kiorhny | 33 | chorhny-charhe |
| 4 | kiorh | 14 | kiorhkon | 50 | nikiorhny | 34 | chorhny-kiorh |
| 5 | nokin | 15 | nokiekon | 60 | dekiorhny | 45 | kiorhny-nokin |
| 6 | dekie | 16 | dekiekon | 70 | meniorhny | 56 | nikiorhny-dekie |
| 7 | meni | 17 | menikon | 80 | theniorhny | 67 | dekiorhny-meni |
| 8 | thenio | 18 | thenikon | 90 | soniorhny | 78 | meniorhny-thenio |
| 9 | sonio | 19 | soniokon | 100 | ptommftomm | 889 | thenio-ptommftomm theniorhny-sonio |
| 10 | kon | 1000 | Ianate | 1704 | ianate meni-ptommftomm kiorh | ||
Psalm-Formosan
| Formosan (tl.) | Numeral | Formosan |
|---|---|---|
| taufb | 1 | |
| bogio | 2 | |
| charhe | 3 | |
| kiorh | 4 | |
| nokin | 5 | |
| dekie | 6 | |
| meni | 7 | |
| thenio | 8 | |
| sonio | 9 | |
| kon | 10 | |
| taufkon | 11 | |
| amkon | 11 | |
| bogiokon | 12 | |
| charhekon | 13 | |
| kiorhkon | 14 | |
| nokiekon | 15 | |
| dekiekon | 16 | |
| menikon | 17 | |
| thenikon | 18 | |
| soniokon | 19 | |
| borhny | 20 | |
| chorhny | 30 | |
| kiorhny | 40 | |
| nikiorhny | 50 | |
| dekiorhny | 60 | |
| meniorhny | 70 | |
| theniorhny | 80 | |
| soniorhny | 90 | |
| ptommftomm | 100 | |
| ianate | 1000 | |
Translations
Koriakia Vomera (The Lord's Prayer)
| English | Formosan (tl.) | Formosan |
|---|---|---|
| OUR Father who in Heaven art, Hallowed be | Amy Pornio dan chin Ornio viey, Gnay jorhe |  |
| thy Name, Come thy Kingdom, Be done thy Will | sai Lory, Eyfodere sai Bagalin, jorhe sai domion | |
| as in Heaven, also in Earth so, Our bread | apo chin Ornio, kay chin Badi eyen, Amy khatsada | |
| daily give us today, and forgive us | nadakchion toye ant nadayi, kay Radonaye ant | |
| our trespasses, as we forgive our trespassers, | amy Sochin, apo ant radonern amy Sochiakhin, | |
| do lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from | bagne ant kau chin malaboski, ali abinaye ant tuen | |
| Evil, for thine is the Kingdom, and Glory, and | Broskaey, kens sai vie Bagalin, kay Fary, kay |