Trepanation

Trepanation (from the Greek trypanon: "a borer") is the act of drilling or scraping a hole into the human skull, exposing the dura mater (the outermost of the meninges surrounding the brain). It is one of the oldest forms of medical intervention known today.

Audio & Video

 * Kisi medicine man performing the "operation of the skulls" (from "A Hole in the Head", 1998)